2.1. JTAG

JTAG basics can be found all over the Internet. This section should go into some more details about working with JTAG. What hardware do you need, what is the usage of JTAG, where do I get files. What file formats are available…

2.2. UrJTAG

2.2.1. Introduction

UrJTAG is a software package which enables working with JTAG-aware (IEEE 1149.1) hardware devices (parts) and boards through a JTAG adapter.

This package has an open and modular architecture with the ability to write miscellaneous extensions (like board testers, flash memory programmers, and so on).

UrJTAG is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions. There is absolutely no warranty for UrJTAG. Please read the COPYING file for more info.

This software may damage your hardware!

Feedback and contributions are welcome.

2.3. System requirements

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2.3.5. Flash chips

Not all chips are supported in every possible configuration, there may be untested combinations of chip type, bus width, …

• Intel 28FxxxJ3A (28F320J3A, 28F640J3A, 28F128J3A)

• Intel 28FxxxK3 (28F640K3, 28F128K3, 28F256K3)

• Intel 28FxxxK18 (28F640K18, 28F128K18, 28F256K18)

• AMD Am29LV64xD (Am29LV640D, Am29LV641D, Am29LV642D)

• AMD Am29xx040B (Am29F040B, Am29LV040B)

• Macronix MX29LV160, MX29LV320, MX29LV640

UrJTAG uses the multi-byte write mode if supported by the particular flash device. The flash code will automatically switch to this algorithm if the Device Geometry Definition reports that more than one memory location can be written in a single step (refer to CFI details shown by detectflash). Since multiple locations are written in a burst-like manner with only one polling sequence afterwards, the overall flashing performance increases by factor of 5-17.

In case you encounter any issues with the multi-byte write mode, run configure with the --disable-flash-multi-byte option and re-compile to disable this algorithm.

2.4. Compilation and installation

http://www.highrez.co.uk/Downloads/InpOut32/

http://libusb-win32.sourceforge.net/#downloads

tar xzvf urjtag-x.y.tar.gz
cd urjtag-x.y
./configure
make
make install

svn co http://urjtag.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/urjtag/trunk urjtag

cd urjtag/jtag
./autogen.sh
# ./configure done by autogen.sh; run it here with special options if needed
make
make install

./configure --with-ftd2xx="/cygdrive/c/temp/ftdi-cdm-drivers"

jtag is now configured for
  ...
  Detected libftd2xx   : yes

./configure --with-libusb="/cygdrive/c/Programme/LibUSB-Win32/"

CFLAGS="-mno-cygwin -O2" ./configure --with-ftd2xx=/tmp/cdm-drivers --with-inpout32

./configure --host=i586-mingw32msvc --with-ftd2xx=/tmp/cdm-drivers --with-inpout32
make

http://logix4u.net/Legacy_Ports/Parallel_Port/Inpout32.dll_for_Windows_98/2000/NT/XP.html

http://www.highrez.co.uk/Downloads/InpOut32/

./configure --help

jtag is now configured for
  ...
  Build BSDL subsystem : yes

3.1. Quick start

WARNING: UrJTAG may damage your hardware!
Type "quit" to exit, "help" for help.

jtag> cable EA253 parallel 0x378
Initializing ETC EA253 JTAG Cable on parallel port at 0x378

jtag> detect

IR length: 5
Chain length: 1
Device Id: 01011001001001100100000000010011
  Manufacturer: Intel
  Part:         PXA250
  Stepping:     C0
  Filename:     /usr/local/share/urjtag/intel/pxa250/pxa250c0

jtag> print chain
 No. Manufacturer Part   Stepping Instruction Register
---------------------------------------------------------
   0 Intel        PXA250 C0       BYPASS      BR

jtag> instruction SAMPLE/PRELOAD
jtag> shift ir
jtag> shift dr
jtag> dr
1000110010000010000110010111111111111111111001101110...
jtag> print chain
 No. Manufacturer Part   Stepping Instruction    Register
------------------------------------------------------------
   0 Intel        PXA250 C0       SAMPLE/PRELOAD BSR
jtag> get signal BOOT_SEL[0]
BOOT_SEL[0] = 0
jtag>

Note: BSR is "Boundary Scan Register"

jtag> flashmem 0 brux.b
0x00000000
Note: Supported configuration is 2 x 16 bit only
BOOT_SEL: Asynchronous 32-bit ROM

2 x 16 bit CFI devices detected (QRY ok)!

program:
block 0 unlocked
erasing block 0: 0
addr: 0x00002854
verify:
addr: 0x00002854
Done.
jtag>

jtag> flashmem msbin xboot.bin
Note: Supported configuration is 2 x 16 bit only
BOOT_SEL: Asynchronous 32-bit ROM

2 x 16 bit CFI devices detected (QRY ok)!

block 0 unlocked
erasing block 0: 0
program:
record: start = 0x00000000, len = 0x00000004, checksum = 0x000001EB
record: start = 0x00000040, len = 0x00000008, checksum = 0x000001B0
record: start = 0x00001000, len = 0x00002B30, checksum = 0x00122CAB
record: start = 0x00004000, len = 0x00000160, checksum = 0x0000684B
record: start = 0x00005000, len = 0x00000054, checksum = 0x000008EE
record: start = 0x00005054, len = 0x00000030, checksum = 0x00000DA9
record: start = 0x00000000, len = 0x00001000, checksum = 0x00000000

verify:
record: start = 0x00000000, len = 0x00000004, checksum = 0x000001EB
record: start = 0x00000040, len = 0x00000008, checksum = 0x000001B0
record: start = 0x00001000, len = 0x00002B30, checksum = 0x00122CAB
record: start = 0x00004000, len = 0x00000160, checksum = 0x0000684B
record: start = 0x00005000, len = 0x00000054, checksum = 0x000008EE
record: start = 0x00005054, len = 0x00000030, checksum = 0x00000DA9
record: start = 0x00000000, len = 0x00001000, checksum = 0x00000000

Done.
jtag>

poke BA+(0x555*2) 0xaa
poke BA+(0x2aa*2) 0x55
poke BA+(0x555*2) 0x90
peek BA+(0x000*2)

3.2. JTAG commands

jtag> help cable

jtag> cable wiggler help

jtag> cable wiggler ppdev /dev/parport0
jtag> detect
jtag> include samsung/s3c4510b/s3c4510b
jtag> peek 0x0000

---

3.2.3. Chain management

3.2.3.1. cable

Sets and initializes the cable driver. This is usually the first command that you are executing in a session. Example:

jtag> cable EA253 parallel 0x378
Initializing ETC EA253 JTAG Cable on parallel port at 0x378

For a parallel cable using the ppdev driver you would use this:

jtag> cable DLC5 ppdev /dev/parport0

If you get an error, it may be that the parallel port kernel driver was compiled as a module in your Linux kernel and wasn’t loaded automatically. Then you should try to load the ppdev driver manually (with root rights outside the jtag shell):

modprobe ppdev
modprobe parport
modprobe parport_pc

UrJTAG now also supports some USB cables. Unfortunately, there is no standard for "JTAG over USB", so this support is limited to a few selected cables only. For cables based on the FT2232 chip from FTDI, the cable command has to be given cable name and optionally the driver name, USB Vendor, and Product ID of the cable:

jtag> cable ARM-USB-OCD vid=15ba pid=0003 driver=ftdi-mpsse

For all known cables, UrJTAG knows the VID and PID so you can just say

jtag> cable ARM-USB-OCD

If your cable isn’t detected automatically though it’s listed as a known and supported cable, feel free to report its VID and PID. It might be a different revision and should be added to the known & tested list of cables.

As stated above, the driver name is not mandatory for the cable command. UrJTAG will select the driver automatically based on UrJTAG’s configuration. In case your system provides just one of libftdi or FTD2XX the respective driver is selected. If both libraries are available, then FTD2XX is selected. That’s simply because FTD2XX showed some performance advantages over libftdi in the past. You can still force libftdi with the respective parameter.

There’s one quirk to consider when using FTDI’s FTD2XX driver. It connects to any known FTDI chip, randomly. I.e. if there’s more than one FTDI device connected to the host, chances are that the driver connects to the wrong USB device. This might be an OEM USB-serial converter and you’ll be banging your head why there’s no proper reading from the JTAG chain. Therefore it’s strongly recommended to specify the desc=xxx parameter for the cable command if the ftd2xx driver is to be used. Set xxx to the product or serial number descriptor string that are exhibited by the USB device.

---

3.2.3.2. detect

Detects devices on the chain. Example:

jtag> detect
IR length: 5
Chain length: 1
Device Id: 01011001001001100100000000010011
  Manufacturer: Intel
  Part:         PXA250
  Stepping:     C0
  Filename:     /usr/local/share/jtag/intel/pxa250/pxa250c0

During "detect", UrJTAG searches through the files in its database (usually in /usr/share/urjtag) and optionally in the search path for BSDL files (see bsdl command) to find a match for the manufacturer, revision and part number for the IDCODE read from the part. However, not all parts identify themselves in a way that is useful for "detect". For example, many chips with an ARM processor core inside present an IDCODE that may be specific to the the particular core inside the chip (e.g. ARM7TDMI), but doesn’t tell about the actual manufacturer of the chip. In such case, the data for the part has to be included manually. See also the documentation for the "include" command.

---

3.2.3.3. print

Print a list of parts in the chain and the currently active instruction per part. Further details of bus, signals and instructions can be obtained with dedicated command options, see "help print".

---

3.2.3.4. initbus

Selects and initializes a bus of the currently selected part, e.g. the external memory bus of a CPU. This is required in order to access chips that aren’t connected in the JTAG chain, but indirectly accessible through other chips (e.g. CPU or programmable logic).

Type "help initbus" to get a list of supported bus types. If you do not find a bus driver for your specific hardware, you might be lucky enough to have EJTAG in your target (most MIPS-based CPUs do) and should try the "ejtag" bus driver. In contrast to the method "via BSR", it uploads some instructions to the CPU and triggers their execution to access the bus, and should work with almost any EJTAG-capable chip (Note: JTAG isn’t EJTAG):

jtag> initbus ejtag

There’s another option to support new chips "via BSR", the "prototype" bus driver, which can be adapted to support your part with command parameters. The only prerequisite for using this driver is knowledge of the names of the signals that represent address bus, data bus, and enable signals, and that address and data lines are numbered in order.

For example, assume the signals are named in the BSDL description as follows:

• Data bus: D0, D1, … D31

• Address bus: ADDR0, ADDR1, … ADDR22

• Output Enable: nOE

• Write Enable: nWE

• Chip Select: nRCS0

The enable signals seem to be active low (indicated by the leading "n" in their names). Further we assume the interesting connected part, some flash chip, is only 16 bits wide even though the data bus width is 32 bits. With this information, you could use the following command (all on a single line!) to access the bus:

initbus prototype amsb=ADDR22 alsb=ADDR0 dmsb=D15 dlsb=D0
          ncs=nRCS0 nwe=nWE noe=nOE amode=x16

The "prototype" bus driver cannot deal with systems where address and data bus are multiplexed on the same pins. If signals aren’t numbered in the right order or with gaps, you may get along by defining proper names as aliases for the actual signals, with commands like "salias ADDR12 BSCGX44".

Most drivers work "via BSR", i.e. they directly access the pins of the device. Because it isn’t possible to efficiently address only particular pins but only all at once, and data for all pins has to be transferred through JTAG for every single change, this method isn’t the fastest, but usually easiest to implement and, well, sometimes it counts whether it works at all.

The "fjmem" (FPGA JTAG memory) bus driver attempts to address this issue by moving control and observation away from BSR to a device-internal register. For sure this is only possible on FPGAs where the designer can hook additional logic to the JTAG chain. A core design plus examples for different FPGA families is available in the extra/fjmem directory. Refer to the README located there.

Some chips don’t allow direct access to their pins via BSR at all. For these, writing a new bus driver that utilizes a debug module to upload specific code to access the bus is inevitable.

---

3.2.3.5. bus

It’s possible to initialize more than one bus for part(s) within a chain. The "bus" command allows to select the active bus for readmem, flashmem, etc. operation.

---

3.2.7. Highlevel commands

3.2.7.1. svf

The SVF player operates on a single part in the scan chain. Therefore, you have to bring up the JTAG software, specify a cable and detect the scan chain beforehand.

The player will establish a new instruction called "SIR" and a new register called "SDR". They are used internally by the respective SVF commands and are reassigned with new values as the player advances through the file. It is not recommended to use them outside of the SVF player as their content is dynamic.

An example session:

jtag> cable ppdev /dev/parport0 DLC5
Initializing Xilinx DLC5 JTAG Parallel Cable III on ppdev port /dev/parport0
jtag> detect
IR length: 5
Chain length: 1
Device Id: 10010000101000100000000010010011
  Manufacturer: Xilinx
  Part:         XC2S300E-PQ208
  Stepping:     9
  Filename:     /usr/local/share/jtag/xilinx/xc2s300e-pq208/xc2s300e-pq208
jtag> part <desired part of the scan chain>
jtag> svf <SVF file for selected part>
jtag> instruction BYPASS
jtag> shift ir
jtag> part <next part>
jtag> svf <SVF file for selected part>
jtag> instruction BYPASS
jtag> shift ir

It is recommended to set the part’s instruction register to BYPASS although most SVF files do this at the end. By setting the instruction explicitely to BYPASS the output of the print command will always show meaningful information.

The SVF player will issue messages when situations arise that cannot be handled. These messages are classified as warnings or errors depending on whether the player can continue operation (warning) or not (error). In case the TDO parameter of an SDR command leads to a mismatch the player issues a warning and continues. If the player should abort in this case then specify stop at the svf command.

The absence of error or warning messages indicate that the SVF file was executed without problems. To get a progress reporting while the player advances through the SVF file, specify progress at the svf command.

Limitations and Deficiencies Several limitations exist for the SVF player. The implementation of some SVF commands has deficiencies. HIR, HDR commands not supported. Their functionality should be covered by the part concept of UrJTAG. PIO command not supported. PIOMAP command not supported. RUNTEST SCK not supported. The maximum time constraint is not guaranteed. TRST Parameters Z and ABSENT are not supported. TIR, TDR commands not supported. Their functionality should be covered by the part concept of UrJTAG. SVF files for programming flash-based devices might or might not work for a given setup. This has been observed for Actel IGLOO devices where success and failure depends on the actual clocking rate of the chosen cable. The ref_freq=<…> option to the svf command allows to tweak the calculation of RUNTEST xxx SEC commands. For these commands, the SVF player needs to calculate the equivalent number of clocks and per default it will use the current cable clock frequency. This can be overridden with the ref_freq option that specifies a fixed reference frequency for such calculations.

---

3.2.7.2. bsdl

The bsdl command is used to set up and test the underlying BSDL subsystem of UrJTAG.

Whenever detect encounters a new part, a configuration process is started. This involves matching the retrieved IDCODE against the part descriptions in /usr/share/urjtag as described above. However, before this database is searched for a suitable description, the BSDL subsystem is started and searches for a BSDL file that matches this device. If it finds a matching file, traversal of the /usr/share/urjtag database is skipped. If not, then this standard process follows.

To tell the BSDL subsytem where to look for BSDL files, the bsdl path pathlist command has to be issued prior to detect. The contents of pathlist must be a semicolon-separated list of directories where BSDL files are located. This list is stored by bsdl path and is used later on when detect calls the BSDL subsystem.

The BSDL subsystem applies the first BSDL file that parses without errors and that contains the correct IDCODE. Scanning the specified directories happens in exactly the given order. Inside a directory however, the order depends largely on your filesystem’s behavior.

Further details of the bsdl command:

• bsdl path <path1>[;<path2>[;<pathN>]] set paths for locating BSDL files

• bsdl debug on|off switches debug messages on or off

• bsdl test [file] reads file (if specified) or all files found via bsdl path and prints a short status, an active part is not required

• bsdl dump [file] reads file (if specified) or all files found via bsdl path and prints all configuration commands, an active part is not required

The bsdl dump file command implements the same functionality as bsdl2jtag.

jtag> include analog/sharc21065l/sharc21065l

4.1. Files

4.2. Drivers

• Cable drivers

• Link drivers

• TAP drivers

• Chain drivers

• Bus drivers

• Flash drivers

• Commands

---

4.2.3. Bus drivers

Bus drivers translate read and write operations on a bus into JTAG commands and methods. A bus in this context is neither restricted to a processor bus, nor to memory. Any system component that can be read from and written to could be seen as attached to a bus. I.e. external or internal memory (RAM, ROM, Flash) and peripherals connected to a processor or simply an FPGA with 1:1 connections.

The available bus drivers are listed in response to "help initbus". Each driver has to provide the following functions:

• bus_new() - Initialization

• bus_free() - Cleaning up

• bus_printinfo() - Short description

• bus_prepare() - Preparation

• bus_area() - Description of the bus geometry

• bus_read_start() - Initiate reading

• bus_read_next() - Read access

• bus_read_end() - Finish reading

• bus_read() - Atomic reading

• bus_write() - Write access

Address parameters to the functions listed above specify always byte locations, independent of the actual data width. The bus driver has to adjust the address on its own if required.

---

4.2.3.1. Creation

Upon calling of its bus_new() function, the driver allocates a "bus_t" structure and performs all required internal initializations.

---

4.2.3.2. Initialization

After creation of the new "bus_t" structure, the bus_init() function will be called to give the driver the possibility to initialize it’s internal states or BSR bits as required. Such functionality has been split from bus_new() since some drivers require to re-initialize during runtime.

---

4.2.3.3. Cleaning up

The driver is supposed to free all allocated memory (including its "bus_t" structure). Additionally, it should set the device into a state that doesn’t prevent it from normal operation.

---

4.2.3.4. Short description

Prints a message describing the driver. This function is called by the "print" command before it lists the areas covered by this bus driver.

---

4.2.3.5. Preparation

This function is called whenever a bus operation is initiated. The driver should perform the required preparation steps so that subsequent calls to the bus_read_* and bus_write functions can perform their tasks properly.

E.g. a BSR bus driver would put the device into EXTEST mode to activate the boundary scan register on the device pins.

---

4.2.3.6. Description of the bus geometry

At certain stages, the bus driver’s bus_area() function is called by other commands to query the bus geometry for a given address. The bus driver must fill in the fields of a "bus_area_t" structure describing the geometry of the area in which the specified address is located:

• a short textual description of the area

• start address of area

• length of area in bytes

• data width in bits

Queries with an address out of range must result in an area length of

UINT64_C(0x100000000)

---

4.2.3.7. Initiate reading

Since the JTAG state machine defines a capture-shift-update sequence, it is required to shift the address for a read prior to capturing the read data. Therefore, the bus_read_start() function is called with the very first address to read from. This enables the driver to shift the address into the device before it can actually retrieve the read data for this address.

---

4.2.3.8. Read access

The bus_read_next() function fetches the read data from the device that has been addressed by a previous call to bus_read_start() or bus_read_next(). Again, this is due to the capture-shift-update sequence of JTAG:

1. capture read data from device pins

2. shift new address

3. update new address to device pins

The address parameter specifies the location of the following read access. It is not the address of the data returned by this function call.

---

4.2.3.9. Finish reading

Function "bus_read_end()" is called at the end of a read sequence. I.e. when the higher level command determines that the last data portion is to be read from the device. There is no new address and the function driver is supposed to return the read data that was addressed previously.

---

4.2.3.10. Atomic reading

For ease of use, a bus driver has to supply a "bus_read()" function that encapsulates reading data from a single address in an atomic operation. Bus drivers typically build this function from "bus_read_start()" and a subsequent "bus_read_end()".

---

4.2.3.11. Write access

This function writes one data element at the specified address. Since this translates to a single JTAG operation (capture ignored, shift and update address & data), there is no splitting as with the read functions.

4.3. Data file format

JTAG declarations files are located in directory "data". The files contains common part specific JTAG information in parseable form, e.g. list of the JTAG commands, boundary scan register, list of JTAG registers, etc.

Syntax of the JTAG declaration file is defined in the following subsections.

00001100101   analog          Analog Devices, Inc.

0010011111001000      bf537                   BF537

0010  bf537           2

4.4. Development

6.1. Overview

Various licenses are used for the UrJTAG project. The GPL is used for most of the code except for some include files, JIM, and cable driver source, where a BSD or MIT license is used; this is noted in the file headers.

6.2. GNU Free Documentation License (FDL)

                GNU Free Documentation License
                  Version 1.2, November 2002


 Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.


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you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present
the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a computer-network location from which the general network-using
public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
edition to the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.


4. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
   from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
   (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
   of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version
   if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
   responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
   Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
   Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
   unless they release you from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
   Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
   adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
   giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
   terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
   and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
   to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
   publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If
   there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
   stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
   given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
   Version as stated in the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
   public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
   the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
   it was based on.  These may be placed in the "History" section.
   You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
   least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
   publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
   Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
   the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
   and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
   unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
   or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section
   may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
   or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.


5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You must delete all sections
Entitled "Endorsements".


6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.


7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
aggregate.


8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
the original English version of this License and the original versions
of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between
the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
title.


9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other attempt to
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License.  However,
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.


10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.


ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
license notices just after the title page:

    Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
    Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
    under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
    or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
    with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
    A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
    Free Documentation License".

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

    with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
    Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
to permit their use in free software.

6.3. GNU General Public License (GPL)

                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
                       Version 2, June 1991

 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

                            Preamble

  The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
freedom to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users.  This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it.  (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.)  You can apply it to
your programs, too.

  When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.

  To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.

  For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code.  And you must show them these terms so they know their
rights.

  We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify the software.

  Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software.  If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
authors' reputations.

  Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
patents.  We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
program proprietary.  To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.

  The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.

                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION

  0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
under the terms of this General Public License.  The "Program", below,
refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
language.  (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
the term "modification".)  Each licensee is addressed as "you".

Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
covered by this License; they are outside its scope.  The act of
running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.

  1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
along with the Program.

You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.

  2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:

    a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
    stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.

    b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
    whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
    part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
    parties under the terms of this License.

    c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
    when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
    interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
    announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
    notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
    a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
    these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
    License.  (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
    does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
    the Program is not required to print an announcement.)

These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole.  If
identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
sections when you distribute them as separate works.  But when you
distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.

Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
collective works based on the Program.

In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
the scope of this License.

  3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:

    a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
    source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
    1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

    b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
    years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
    cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
    machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
    distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
    customarily used for software interchange; or,

    c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
    to distribute corresponding source code.  (This alternative is
    allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
    received the program in object code or executable form with such
    an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)

The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
making modifications to it.  For an executable work, complete source
code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
control compilation and installation of the executable.  However, as a
special exception, the source code distributed need not include
anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
itself accompanies the executable.

If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
compelled to copy the source along with the object code.

  4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.

  5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
signed it.  However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
distribute the Program or its derivative works.  These actions are
prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.  Therefore, by
modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
the Program or works based on it.

  6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
these terms and conditions.  You may not impose any further
restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
this License.

  7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot
distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
may not distribute the Program at all.  For example, if a patent
license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.

If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
circumstances.

It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
impose that choice.

This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
be a consequence of the rest of this License.

  8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this License incorporates
the limitation as if written in the body of this License.

  9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the Program
specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of
this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
Foundation.

  10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
to ask for permission.  For software which is copyrighted by the Free
Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
make exceptions for this.  Our decision will be guided by the two goals
of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.

                            NO WARRANTY

  11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS
TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE
PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

  12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

            How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>

    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.

    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
    with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
    51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
when it starts in an interactive mode:

    Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author
    Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.

The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the commands you use may
be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:

  Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
  `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.

  <signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
  Ty Coon, President of Vice

This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License.